Factors affecting the role of women in the economic development of rural household families in Vietnam: A case study in Trieu Son district Thanh Hoa province

he data 
(i) The main objective of the study was on women involved in the economic development of rural household families. In 
addition, men were selected as the second participants whose assessments provide a basis for further identification of factors 
affecting women's role in the economic development of household families. 
(ii) The authors chose a clustered non-probability sampling method that is divided into several stages. This is considered to be 
an effective, inexpensive and time-consuming method of collecting information quickly. We use each interviewee to record the 
answers on the data collection form. The sample structure was selected based on age, gender, education, occupation, ethnicity 
and living conditions of each household family. 
(iii) To gain the research purpose, 210 representative samples corresponding to 210 women and men participating in production 
activities and household economic development were selected to clarify and collect information. To analyze elements and 
regression of binary logit, the sample scale was multiplied at least 5 times by the number of questions (Ba et al., 2020). The study 
was designed with a total of 40 questions corresponding to at least 200 samples. However, in case of a household family could not 
be found or they refused to answer the questions, the authors tooked at 10 additional backup samples from the same sampling list. 
In this way, the necessary sample size of 210 household families surveyed in the area was guaranteed in the study. 
(iv) Likert - the scale used in this study to measure survey questions with the following survey level: (Level 5): Very 
unimportant; (Level 4): Not important; (Level 3): Normal; (Level 2): Important; (Level 1): Very important. 
(v) After data collection, SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the factors affecting women’s role in the economic development of rural 
household families. In particular, Cronbach Alpha has been used to evaluate the reliability of variables; The variance inflation 
factor and Tolerance (Thang & Huan, 2011; Morrisson, 2004) are used to check the validity of the research model. 
4. Results and Discussion 
4.1. Descriptive Statistics 
Age Gender Education Income (VND) 
Fig. 2. The sample description of survey participants 
Among totally 210 participants, there are 30.5% of men and 69.5% of women by gender; 17.6% participants were 18-25 years old, 26.7% 
participants were 26-35 years old, 30.5% participants were 36-45 years old and 25.2% participants were 46-60 years old by age; 4.3% 
participants were at illiteracy, 32.4% participants were at elementary school level, 38.6% participants were at secondary school level, 23.8% 
participants were at high school level and 1.0% participants were at immediate and college level, 0% participant was at tertiary education 
level and postgraduate level; 34.7% participants had average income less than or equal to 2 million VND, 43.3% participants had an average 
income of 2-3 million VND, 21.9% participants had an average income of over 3 million VND by the average income. 
4.2. Testing Cronbach's Alpha 
Factors affecting the role of women in household economic development are measured by Cronbach's Alpha with a coefficient 
of 0.782. No Cronbach's Alpha if item deleted exceeds it to meet the reliability requirement. 
Table 1 
Results of Cronbach’s Alpha Testing of Attributes 
Scale Mean if Item 
Deleted 
Scale Variance if Item 
Deleted 
Corrected Item-Total 
Correlation 
Cronbach's Alpha if 
Item Deleted 
SP (Social policies) 7.03 7.195 .320 .750 
E (Education) 6.55 4.469 .405 .692 
GI (Gender inequality) 6.68 5.931 .320 .729 
H (Health) 6.50 4.395 .414 .684 
Al (Access to information) 6.73 6.093 .445 .716 
30.5
69.5
Male Female
17.6
26.7
30.5
25.2
18--25 26--35
36--45 >45
99.
1
0.9
School University
34.7
43.3
21.9
3
 270
(Source: The survey data of the study) 
Apart from it, the test results in Table 1 show that the properties of the dependent variables have Alpha coefficient of Cronbach's 
greater than 0.6 and smaller than the general Alpha coefficient of Cronbach. The correlation coefficient of all attributes is greater 
than 0.3. Therefore, all properties of the dependent variables are statistically significant (Nguyen & Do, 2020; Nunnally, 1978). 
4.3. Factors affecting women’s role in the economic development of rural household families in Thanh Hoa province 
With the collected data, the authors used the Binary Logistic regression model to analyze the correlation between the 
independent and dependent variables. One of the necessary conditions for analyzing the next steps of multivariate regression is 
that the independent variable must be correlated with the dependent variable. Without correlation, the independent variable is 
excluded from the regression analysis. Therefore, before performing regression analysis, the authors checked Pearson's 
correlation coefficient to check the linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. After a general 
evaluation of the correlation analysis results, we have found that the variables related to sig <0.01 which will be included in the 
model to explain the dependent variable (no case of multi-plus. because the variance inflation factor <2 and Tolerance is greater 
than 0.5) (Thang & Huan, 2011). 
Table 2 
Correlative matrix between variables 
Correlations SP E GI H Al 
The role of women in 
household economic 
development 
SP Pearson Correlation 1 -.036 -.051 -.036 .085 .258** 
Sig. (2-tailed) .106 .166 .102 .221 .000 
N 210 210 210 210 210 210 
E Pearson Correlation -.036 1 .087 .078** .061 .273** 
Sig. (2-tailed) .106 .210 .000 .376 .000 
N 210 210 210 210 210 210 
GI Pearson Correlation -.051 .087 1 .123 .114 .013 
Sig. (2-tailed) .166 .210 .075 .099 .003 
N 210 210 210 210 210 210 
H Pearson Correlation -.036 .078** .123 1 .049 .257** 
Sig. (2-tailed) .102 .000 .075 .183 .000 
N 210 210 210 210 210 210 
Al Pearson Correlation .085 .061 .114 .049 1 .192** 
Sig. (2-tailed) .221 .376 .099 .183 .005 
N 210 210 210 210 210 210 
The role of women in 
household economic 
development 
Pearson Correlation .258** .273** .013 .257** .192** 1 
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .003 .000 .005 
N 210 210 210 210 210 210 
(Statistical significance level: *p<0,1 **p<0,05 ***p<0,01) 
 (Source: The survey data of the study) 
Table 3 presents the results for binary logistic regression as follows: 
Table 3 
Results for binary logistic regression model 
Variables B S.E. Wald df Sig. Exp(B) 
95% C.I.for EXP(B) 
Lower Upper 
 SP .814 .223 13.379 1 .000 2.257 1.459 3.492 
E .479 .365 1.727 1 .004 1.615 .790 3.302 
GI .201 .165 1.490 1 .002 1.223 .885 1.690 
H .208 .373 .309 1 .005 1.231 .592 2.559 
AI .401 .166 5.809 1 .000 1.493 1.078 2.069 
Constant -5.176 .781 43.894 1 .000 .006 
(Statistical significance level: *p<0.1 **p<0.05 ***p<0.01) 
Observation Number 210 
Prob> Chi2 0.006 
Loglikelihood 163.793a 
Pseudo R2 25.2% (Source: The survey data of the study) 
Based on the results in Table 3, the Chi-squared test with sig value = 0.006 <0.05 shows the overall fit of the model and the 
factors in the model affecting women’s role in the economic development of rural household families. In addition, the small 
value Loglikelihood = 163,793 and the high probability of the model (83.8%) shows the good fit of the analytical model. 
Pseudo R2 = 25.2% indicates that the independent variables in the model can explain 21.5% of the variation of the dependent 
D.V. Truong et al. /Accounting 6 (2020) 271
variable according to the variation of the independent variable in the model. With this result, the logistic regression model is 
presented as follows: 
Logit (P/Yi=1/Xi=xi) = -5.176 + 0.814 × SP + 0.479 × E + 0.201 × GI + 0.208 × H + 0.401 × AI 
4.4. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) 
The authors conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Varimax analysis of 5 observed independent variables. Table 4 shows the 
result of the EFA as 0.5 <KMO = 0.603 <1. Sig. = 0.000 <0.05 that means that all variables are related to each other. 
Table 4 
KMO and Bartlett's Test 
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .603 
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 114.030 
Df 10 
Sig. 0.000 
(Source: The survey data of the study) 
The results of the Rotated Component Matrix table also show that all variables reach values greater than 0.5. This proves that 
the factor analysis of the research data is appropriate. Through the EFA model, we have found a number of factors that have a 
strong impact on women’s role in the economic development of rural household families, namely: Access to Information, 
Gender Inequality and Social Policy. 
5. Conclusions and recommendations 
Based on the regression results, some conclusions and recommendations are given to contribute to enhancing women’s role in the economic 
development of rural household families in Trieu Son district, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam as follows: 
There are many factors such as educational level, health, social policy, access to information, and gender inequality, etc. influencing 
women’s role in the economic development of rural household families. In particular, access to information is a basic factor that makes 
women have insufficient basic knowledge which are reuired neccessarily to production. The lack of opportunities for women to access 
information on production knowledge partly comes from men’s excessive control of resources that significantly prevent many women from 
gaining information sources from training, propaganda and learning sessions. Thus, women’s role is quite important and must be much 
concerned. 
Firstly, the role of local authorities 
It is ncessary to strengthen communication and advocacy on the media and other forms of local activities on women’s role, the guidelines 
and policies of the Party and government on the equality between men and women in economy, life and society. Currently, it is necessary 
to change the perception of people, communities and husbands about women’s role. This is an important premise to put the provisions of 
the Gender Equality Law into practice in life and to ensure the effective implementation of the law on gender equality. 
It is important to encourag women to promote their self-study capacity and raise awareness about poverty reduction, health care and 
occupational skills. Paying attention to fostering and raising qualifications, facilitating the promotion of the capacity of female staff who are 
working in state organs and mass organizations at all levels to promote the status of women in social activities. Gradually transforming the 
local economic structure by strongly developing industries and rural services; creating more non-agricultural jobs for women; creating 
conditions for increasing family incomes with non-agricultural sources; reducing women's economic burdens and worries. 
Secondly, the role of families 
The community must improve awareness for family members, especially women, about the knowledge to organize family life, raise and 
take care of children; encouraging family members to share activities of labor, familiy and emotional life. 
We also recommend building models of happy families with equality between husband and wife without male chauvinism. Husband and 
wife have compromise on the housework. They need to mobilizie and create conditions for women to regularly participate in activities and 
meetings of mass organizations, to study and to have chance to learn from books, newspapers, the media, etc. to improve their knowledge 
level; creating an environment for them to promote and affirm their role in the family and society. 
 272
Third, the role of women 
It is very important for the women to participate in the economic development of household families. If a woman is aware of her important 
role, she can enhance her role in the family and in the society. At the same time, an active and proactive woman will both perform well 
social work and keep a happy family. 
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