Hardware architectures of visible light communication transmitter and receiver for beacon-Based indoor positioning systems

y, the receiver’s maximum systematic Polar codes are applied to evaluate the BER
42 REV Journal on Electronics and Communications, Vol. 9, No. 3–4, July–December, 2019
 100
 Non-sys Polar Code [This work]
 Sys. Polar Code [This work]
 BLS RLL - RS(15,11) [9]
 1 BLS RLL - RS(15,7) [9]
 10− BLS RLL - RS(15,3) [9]
 SISO 4B6B + Polar(64,44) [14]
 LDPC [24]
 RS(15,7) + eMiller [23]
 2
 10− Multi-RS(15,7) + 4B6B Hard [12]
 3
 10−
 Bit Error Rate (BER)
 4
 10−
 10 5
 − 44.555.566.577.588.59
 Eb/N0
 Figure 13. BER performances of the proposed VLC system with some comparisons in real VLC-AWGN channel.
 100
 1
 10−
 2
 10−
 3
 10−
 Frame Error Rate (FER)
 Non-sys Polar Code [This work]
 Sys. Polar Code [This work]
 4
 10− BLS RLL - RS(15,11) [9]
 BLS RLL - RS(15,7) [9]
 BLS RLL - RS(15,3) [9]
 SISO 4B6B + Polar(64,44) [14]
 10 5
 − 45678910
 Eb/N0
 Figure 14. FER performances of the proposed VLC system and some related works in real VLC-AWGN channel.
performances. We have selected some typical joint FEC- Polar code-based solutions have preeminent BER per-
RLL and non-RLL FEC solutions for comparison. It can formances although their humble code-rates compared
be seen that the BER performances of our proposed with the related works. Furthermore, an evaluation of
system outperform current related works. Specifically, frame error rate (FER) has been presented in Figure 14
Figure 13 shows that at a code-rate = 0.62, our non-RLL in which our non-RLL solutions also surpass related
Polar-code-based system outperforms RS-code-based works introduced in [11, 14, 30]. However, although
ones at code-rates 0.49 (11/15 * 4/6), 0.31 (7/15 * 4/6) systematic Polar decoder always shows a better BER
and 0.13 (15/3 * 4/6) which are mentioned in [11, 14]. performance than the non-systematic decoder does; the
Also, in Figure 13, we also put BER performances of FER performance of these two decoders are always
other related works mentioned in [14, 16, 17, 24] into equal in all cases. Actually, this is not a strange discov-
the same graph with our BER performance lines. It ery cause it has been mention in previous systematic
can also be noticed that, our prescrambled non-RLL Polar decoder work [32].
D.-P. Nguyen et al.: Hardware Architectures of VLC Transmitter and Receiver for Beacon-based IPS 43
6 Conclusions Technologies for Communications (ATC). IEEE, 2018, pp.
 214–219.
We have introduced a non-RLL flicker mitigation so- [5] L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, J. Wang, P. Xu, and Y. Qian, “Applying
lution which consists of a pre-scrambler based on a VLC in 5G Networks: Architectures and Keys Technolo-
 gies,” IEEE Network, vol. 30, pp. 77–83, 2016.
simple generating polynomial combined with a Polar [6] S. Yoshizawa, S. Handa, F. Sasamori, and O. Takyu, “A
encoder. The proposed method has a centralized bit simple but effective approach for visible light beacon-
probability distribution with the distribution range is based positioning systems with smartphone,” in Pro-
determined in (43.75% - 63.75%). Moreover, the maxi- ceedings of the 12th International Colloquium on Signal
mum run-length is reduced up to 4.08 times when pre- Processing & Its Applications (CSPA). IEEE, 2016, pp.
 32–25.
scrambler is applied with a SPE; and up to 1.9 times [7] Q. Liang and M. Liu, “Plugo: a VLC systematic
when it is applied with a NSPE. Therefore, DC-balance perspective of large-scale indoor localization,” arXiv:
can be maintained even with the short data frames used 1709.06926v1, vol. cs.NI, 2017.
in VLC-based beacon systems. Moreover, the non-RLL [8] T. Yamazato, N. Kawagita, H. Okada, T. Fujii, T. Yendo,
nature of the proposal reduces the complexity of both S. Arai, and K. Kamakura, “The uplink visible light
 communication beacon system for universal traffic man-
VLC transmitter/receiver with great improvements on agement,” IEEE Access, vol. 5, pp. 22 282–22 290, 2017.
information code-rate. Besides, we have introduced a [9] J. Fang, Z. Che, Z. L. Jiang, X. Yu, S.-M. Yiu, K. Ren,
soft-decision filter which can help the soft-decoding of X. Tan, and Z. Chen, “An Efficient Flicker-free FEC Cod-
polar code is implemented in real VLC receiver proto- ing Scheme for Dimmable Visible Light Communication
types to enhance the error-correction performance. As Based on Polar Codes,” IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 9, pp.
 1–10, 2017.
a result, BER and FER performances of the proposed [10] Y.-S. Kuo, P. Pannuto, K.-J. Hsiao, and P. Dutta, “Luxa-
system have outperformed current approaches while pose: Indoor positioning with mobile phones and visible
remaining a good code-rate (0.62). In addition, we have light,” in Proceedings of the 20th annual international con-
introduced a couple of hardware architectures for the ference on Mobile computing and networking. ACM, 2014,
proposed non-RLL VLC transmitter and receiver which pp. 447–458.
 [11] H. Wang and S. Kim, “Bit-level soft run-length limited
their FPGA and ASIC synthesis results are given in decoding algorithm for visible light communication,”
details. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 28.3, pp. 237–240,
 2016.
 [12] ——, “Soft-input soft-output run-length limited decod-
Acknowledgment ing for visible light communication,” IEEE Photonics
 Technology Letters, vol. 28.3, pp. 225–228, 2016.
This research is funded by Vietnam National Founda- [13] ——, “Dimming control systems with polar codes in
tion for Science and Technology Development (NAFOS- visible light communication,” IEEE Photonics Technology
 Letters, vol. 29.19, pp. 1651–1654, 2017.
TED) under grant number 102.02-2018.320 [14] D. D. Le, D. P. Nguyen, T. H. Tran, and N. Yasuhiko,
 “Joint polar and run-length limited decoding scheme
 for visible light communications,” IEICE Communication
Appendix Express, vol. 7, pp. 19–24, 2018.
 [15] S. Rajagopal, R. D. Roberts, and S.-K. Lim, “IEEE 802.15.
 N [b]
 Thoughput [b/s] = (8) 7 visible light communication: modulation schemes
 DN [sec] and dimming support,” IEEE Communications Magazine,
 vol. 50, no. 3, 2012.
 Power [W]
 Energy-per-bit [J/b] = (9) [16] H. Wang and S. Kim, “New RLL decoding algorithm
 Thoughput [b/s] for multiple candidates in visible light communication,”
 IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 15–17,
 2015.
 Thoughput [b/s]
 Hardware Efficiency [b/s/m2] = [17] S. Kim, “Adaptive FEC codes suitable for variable dim-
 Area [m2] ming values in visible light communication,” IEEE Pho-
 (10) tonics Technology Letters, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 967–969, 2015.
 [18] H. Wang and S. Kim, “Decoding of polar codes for in-
 tersymbol interference in visible-light communication,”
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44 REV Journal on Electronics and Communications, Vol. 9, No. 3–4, July–December, 2019
 correction scheme for dimmable visible light communi- Dinh-Dung Le received the B. Sc. degree at
 cation systems,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 24, Da Nang University of Technology, Vietnam
 no. 17, pp. 1463–1465, 2012. in 2009 and M.Sc. degree at National Chiao
[23] L. Feng, R. Q. Hu, J. Wang, and P. Xu, “Fountain code- Tung University, Taiwan in 2013. He was a
 based error control scheme for dimmable visible light lecturer at Hue Industrial College from 2009
 to 2016. He received the Doctor of Engineer-
 communication systems,” Optics Communications, vol. ing degree at Graduate School of Informa-
 347, pp. 20–24, 2015. tion Science, Nara Institute of Science and
[24] X. Lu and J. Li, “New Miller Codes for Run-Length Con- Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan in 2019. His
 trol in Visible Light Communications,” IEEE Transactions research interests include Machine Learning,
 on Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1798–1810, Visible Light Communications, Digital Signal
 2018. Processing, Network Systems. He is currently a regular member
[25] T. H. Tran, D. P. Nguyen, and Y. Nakashima, “PER evalu- of IEEE.
 ation of K-min Viterbi decoder for wireless sensors,” in
 2016 10th International Conference on Sensing Technology
 (ICST). IEEE, 2016, pp. 1–6.
[26] D. P. Nguyen, T. H. Tran, and Y. Nakashima, “A Thi-Hong Tran received the B.S. degree (2008)
 multi-mode error-correction solution based on split- in Physics, and M.S. degree (2012) in Elec-
 concatenation for wireless sensor nodes,” Journal of Com- tronics and Telecommunication, from Ho Chi
 munications, vol. 12, no. 2, 2017. Minh City - University of Science (HCMUS),
[27] H. Vangala, Y. Hong, and E. Viterbo, “Efficient algo- Vietnam; and Ph.D. degree (2014) in Com-
 rithms for systematic polar encoding,” IEEE communi- puter Science and System Engineering from
 cations letters, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 17–20, 2016. Kyushu Institute of Technology (KIT), Japan.
[28] D.-P. Nguyen, D.-D. Le, T.-H. Tran, H.-T. Huynh, and She is currently an Assistant Professor at
 Nara Institute of Science and Technology
 Y. Nakashima, “Hardware implementation of a Non-RLL (NAIST), Japan. Her research interests are
 soft-decoding beacon-based visible light communication MIMO-OFDM wireless LAN system, signal
 receiver,” in 2018 International Conference on Advanced and image processing, wireless sensor network, etc. She is a regular
 Technologies for Communications (ATC). IEEE, 2018, pp. member of IEEE and IEICE.
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[29] H. Tagami, T. Kobayashi, Y. Miyata, K. Ouchi, K. Sawada,
 K. Kubo, K. Kuno, H. Yoshida, K. Shimizu, T. Mizuochi
 et al., “A 3-bit soft-decision IC for powerful forward error
 correction in 10-Gb/s optical communication systems,” Vo Nguyen Quoc Bao received the B.E. and
 M.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from
 IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 1695– Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
 1705, 2005. (HCMUT), Vietnam, in 2002 and 2005, respec-
[30] D.-D. Le, D.-P. Nguyen, T.-H. Tran, and Y. Nakashima, tively, and Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineer-
 “Log-likelihood ratio calculation using 3-bit soft-decision ing from University of Ulsan, South Korea,
 for error correction in visible light communication sys- in 2009. In 2002, he joined the Department
 tems,” IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, of Electrical Engineering, Posts and Telecom-
 Communications and Computer Sciences, vol. 101, no. 12, munications Institute of Technology (PTIT), as
 pp. 2210–2212, 2018. a lecturer. Since February 2010, he has been
[31] O. Dizdar and E. Arıkan, “A high-throughput energy- with the Faculty of Telecommunications, PTIT,
 where he is currently an Associate Professor. He is a Senior Member
 efficient implementation of successive cancellation de- of IEEE. His research interests include wireless communications
 coder for polar codes using combinational logic,” IEEE and information theory with current emphasis on MIMO systems,
 Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, cooperative and cognitive communications, physical layer security,
 vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 436–447, 2016. and energy harvesting. He is currently serving as the Editor of
[32] E. Arikan, “Systematic polar coding,” IEEE Communica- Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (Wiley
 tions Letters, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 860–862, 2011. ETT) and VNU Journal of Computer Science and Communication En-
 gineering. He is also a Guest Editor of EURASIP Journal on Wireless
 Communications and Networking, special issue on "Cooperative Cog-
 nitive Networks" and IET Communications, special issue on "Secure
 Physical Layer Communications". He served as a Technical Program
 co-chair for ATC (2013,2014), NAFOSTED-NICS (2014, 2015, 2016),
 REV-ECIT 2015 and ComManTel (2014, 2015), and SigComTel (2017,
 Duc-Phuc Nguyen
 received the B.Sc. degree 2018). He is a Member of the Executive Board of the Radio-Electronics
 in Electronics and Telecommunications (honor Association of Vietnam (REV) and the Electronics Information and
 program) in 2012, and Master degree in Elec- Communications Association Ho Chi Minh City (EIC). He is currently
 tronics Engineering - Microelectronics in 2015, serving as vice chair of the Vietnam National Foundation for Science
 both from the University of Science, Ho Chi and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) scientific Committee in
 Minh City (HCMUS), Vietnam. From 2012 to Information Technology and Computer Science (2017-2019).
 2015, He was a lecturer and researcher at Fac-
 ulty of Electronics and Telecommunications
 (FETEL), HCMUS. He received the Doctor
 of Engineering degree at Graduate School of
 Information Science, Nara Institute of Science
and Technology (NAIST), Nara, Japan in 2018. Since October 2018,
he’s been affiliated with Faculty of Telecommunications, Posts and
Telecommunication Institute of Technology, Ho Chi Minh Campus
as a lecturer-researcher. He is now a postdoctoral research fellow at
ETIS UMR-8051, ENSEA, Paris-Seine University, France. He received
the best paper award at ATC’18, and the best oral presentation
awards at FOSCOM’18 and ICFCC’17. His research interests include
Error-Correcting Codes, Polar and LDPC Codes, FPGA & VLSI-based
design, Optical Wireless Communications, Coding for Memories and
Storage Systems. He is currently a regular member of IEEE, IEEE
Young Professionals and IEEE Photonics Society.