Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành - Kỹ thuật lắp ráp, sửa chữa máy tính

 charge. See RAM, ROM. 
VR: Abbreviation for Virtual Reality. 
Top 
W 
W3C: Abbreviation for World Wide Web Consortium. An international non-profit organisation 
which acts as a resource centre for the World Wide Web, and is active in setting technical 
standards. The current Director of W3C is Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web. The W3C 
website can be found at the URL  See World Wide Web. 
WAN: Abbreviation for Wide Area Network. A network of computers located at geographically 
separate sites. See LAN, MAN. 
WAP: Abbreviation for Wireless Application Protocol. A system that enables you to browse 
online services, e.g. relating to information about the weather, traffic conditions, shopping, etc 
via a special type of mobile phone. WAP is the mobile phone equivalent of the World Wide Web. 
Newer mobile phones include WAP browser software to allow users access to WAP sites. See 
also Smartphone. 
Warchalking: Warchalkers make chalk markings on walls or pavements to indicate that there is 
an insecure wireless access point nearby. The symbols not only mark the location of the wireless 
access point but also indicate the network type, name, and bandwidth. The markings are similar 
to the symbols used by tramps to communicate information to fellow itinerants about the 
friendliness of a place or its inhabitants. The term derives from the 1983 film War Games in 
which a teenager uses software to dial randomly selected telephone numbers, eventually 
managing to hack into a military computer and start World War III. People initiated in the ways 
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of warchalking recognise the symbols and then all they need to do is take up a comfortable 
position with their laptop computer, suitably equipped with a wireless network card, and get 
online using someone else's bandwidth. See Wifi. 
WAV: Short for Waveform Audio Format. A format for storing high-quality audio files. 
Somewhat hungry in terms of storage space compared to the MP3 and WMA audio file formats. 
See Media Player. See Section 2.2.3.3, Module 2.2, headed Sound recording and editing 
software. 
Web: See World Wide Web. 
Web 2.0: Contrary to what many people think, Web 2.0 is not a new version of the World Wide 
Web. The term arose as the name of a series of conferences, the first of which was held in 2004: 
 Essentially, Web 2.0 is an attempt to redefine what the Web 
is all about and how it is used, for example new Web-Based 
communities using Blogs, Podcasts, Wikis and Social Networking websites that promote 
collaboration and sharing between users - in other words, a more democratic approach to the use 
of the Web. In order to achieve this, Web-based applications have to work more like applications 
on your computer's hard disc, allowing you to use the Web in much the same way as you would 
use applications such as Word or PowerPoint. To what extent the concept of Web 2.0 is truly 
innovative is a matter of debate, as it is broadly in line with the concept of the Web as defined by 
its inventor, Tim Berners-Lee, way back in 1998. SeeSection 2.1, Module 1.5, headed What is 
Web 2.0? 
Web Address: See URL. 
Webcam: A camera connected to a computer that enables it to transmit images and videos to the 
Internet . For example, webcams can be set to transmit a live picture every few minutes from a 
location to a website, displaying a live view of a landscape, cityscape or interior of a building. 
Webcams are essential for Videoconferencing. See Section 1.2.6, Module 1.2 for an illustration 
of a webcam, and see Section 14.1.3, Module 1.5, headed Videoconferencing: a synchronous 
communications medium. Many laptop computers have an integrated webcam - which appears as 
a small "eye" in the top of the frame of the Display Screen. 
WebCT: A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). Blackboard and WebCT announced an 
agreement to merge in October 2005. Effectively, Blackboard has now taken over WebCT. 
Weblog: The full form of the term Blog. 
Webmail: A facility for creating, sending and and receiving messages via 
the Internet.Webmail offers an alternative to using email software such as such 
as Outlook or Eudora: see Email. In order to use webmail you have to register with anInternet 
Service Provider (ISP) and you can then access their email service via your Web Browser. See 
Section 14, Module 1.5, headed Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). 
Webquest: A webquest is a task-oriented activity in which the learner draws on material from 
different websites in order to achieve a specific goal. The skills that are required in a webquest 
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mainly involve reading and listening, but there may also be communicative speaking exercises. 
See Section 7.3.1, Module 1.5, headed Webquests and scavenger hunts. 
Web Server or Webserver: A computer or a software package running on a computer that 
delivers, i.e. serves, Web pages to its clients: see Client and Host. Every Web server has an IP 
Address and possibly a Domain Name. For example, if you enter the URL 
 in your Browser, this sends a request to the Server whose 
domain name is ict4lt.org. The server then fetches the page named index.htm and sends a copy 
of it to your browser. Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing Web server 
software and connecting the machine to the Internet. By far the most popular Web server 
software in use worldwide is the Open Source Apache software:  
Website: An area on the World Wide Web where an organisation or individual stores a 
collection of pages of material - Web pages . The pages are usually interlinked with one another 
and with other websites. Every website has a unique Web Address or URL. The full URL of the 
ICT4LT website is  
Webwhacking: This involves saving entire websites for use offline. It may breach copyright 
because it involves copying the website to a local drive, either a network server or a stand-alone 
computer's hard drive. See Section 4, General guidelines on copyright. 
WELL: Acronym for Web Enhanced Language Learning. The WELL Projectwas co-ordinated 
by William Haworth, Liverpool John Moores University. It was set up in 1997 with assistance 
from the higher education Fund for the Development of Teaching and Learning (FDTL) in order 
to promote wider awareness and more effective use of the World Wide Web in Modern Foreign 
Languages teaching across higher education in the UK. The funding period came to an end in 
August 2001 and the website has been closed down. 
Whiteboard: See Interactive Whiteboard. 
Wide Area Network (WAN): See WAN. 
Wifi: Wireless Fidelity, also known as wireless networking, a way of transmitting information 
without cables that is reasonably fast and is often used for laptop computers within a business or 
a university or school campus instead of a Local Area Network (LAN) that uses cable 
connections. Wifi systems use high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over 
distances of several hundred feet. Many hotels and airports now offer wifi access to people 
travelling with laptop computers. 
Wiki: A website or similar online resource which allows anyone to set up a resource in which 
content can be created collectively. It's important feature is that it allows anyone who views the 
wiki to add to or edit the existing content as if they were adding to or editing, for example, 
someone else's Word document. Wiki also refers to the software used to create such a website. 
The word "wiki" derives from the Hawaiian "wiki-wiki", meaning "quick". Wikipedia is the best 
known example of a wiki. It's a collaboratively written encyclopaedia:  
There is an article on Computer Assisted Language Learning in Wikipedia, which you can add to 
or edit yourself:  It is also 
possible to set up a personal wiki that cannot be added to or edited by other people, e.g. here is 
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Graham Davies's personal wiki:  Wikis may also be used 
forConferencing: see Section 12, Module 1.5, headed Discussion lists, blogs, wikis, social 
networking. 
Wild Card or Wildcard: In a question-answer dialogue which aims not to be over-sensitive 
about spelling, the teacher may decide to allow for aberrations by declaring certain characters 
"wild". For example, the answer "relitivaty" would match with 'r?l?t?v?t?', the question marks 
representing wild card characters: i.e. whatever the learner types in place of them is accepted. 
Conventionally, a question mark is used for a single character and an asterisk for a string of 
characters. A technique also used in programs that help you cheat at crossword puzzles! 
Wildcards can also be used in search engines such as Google when you are not sure of the 
spelling of the item you are searching for. See Section 4, Module 1.5, headedSearch engines: 
How to find materials on the Web. 
Window: An area of a computer screen set aside for a special purpose. Modern computers, such 
as the Macintosh and most personal computers, divide the screen into discrete sections, known as 
windows , within which different pieces of software can be run at the same time - although not 
necessarily strictly at the same time, as normally only one window is active: see Multitasking. 
The user can control the size, shape and positioning of each window. Data, e.g. a piece of text, a 
picture or numerical data, can be moved or copied and pasted from one window to another. See 
Windows. 
Windows: The name of a range of several different Graphical User Interface (GUI) operating 
systems produced by the Microsoft Corporation. Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1 were the first 
operating systems of this type, produced by Microsoft, to appear in the early 1990s. The Apple 
Macintosh computer, however, had been using a GUI (which was not known as Windows) from 
the mid-1980s. Microsoft Windows is currently the most widely used GUI for personal 
computers. It exists in various versions, e.g.Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000 and XP. See MS 
DOS, Operating System. 
Windows Explorer: Microsoft's tool, provided as part of Windows, that enables you to inspect 
and manage folders and files stored on your computer. My Computer is an alternative tool, also 
provided as part of Windows. See File, Folder. 
Wireless Fidelity: See Wifi. 
Wireless Mouse: A Mouse that does not require a cable connection to a computer, but which 
operates via infrared or radio signals. 
Wizard: Software that guides the user step-by-step through a complex task, such as setting up 
software on a network or configuring a printer to output data in a special format, e.g. for printing 
labels from a database program. 
WMA: Abbreviation for Windows Media Audio. Microsoft's audio encoding format which 
offers high-quality output with lower file sizes. See MP3, WAV, which are alternative audio file 
formats. See Media Player. See Section 2.2.3.3, Module 2.2, headed Sound recording and editing 
software. 
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Word: A popular word-processing package, produced by Microsoft. See Word-processor. 
Word-processor: Probably the most widely used computer Application. Modern word-
processors allow the user to create fine-looking documents including images, tables, photographs, 
and even sound and video recordings if they are to be viewed on screen rather than from the 
printed page. In many respects they are similar to Desktop Publishing applications. Word-
processors normally include a spellchecker, a grammar checker, a style checker and a thesaurus, 
as well as tools for writing in HTML, the coding language used for producing Web pages.Word-
processors have been widely used in teaching and learning foreign languages ever since they first 
appeared. See Module 1.3, Using word-processing and presentation software in the Modern 
Foreign Languages classroom. 
Wordsnake: An exercise in which all the spaces in a sentence have been removed, the learner's 
task being to put the spaces back into the correct positions in the sentence. See Section 3.1, 
Module 1.3, headed Using the space bar: Wordsnake exercises. 
Workstation: A term that is rather loosely used these days. Most people use it in the context of 
any computer that forms part of a Network. Formerly, this term was applied to a particular type 
of powerful computer used for scientific and engineering calculations, e.g. the Sun Workstation. 
WorldCALL: The worldwide umbrella association for CALL.  which 
has the aim of helping countries that are currently underserved in the applications of ICT. The 
First World Conference on CALL was held at the University of Melbourne, Australia, in 1998. 
The Second World Conference on CALL took place in Banff, Canada, in 2003. The 2008 
WorldCALL conference will take place in Japan. 
World Wide Web: Usually referred to simply as the Web. This is the most powerful and fastest 
growing Internet service. The World Wide Web was the brainchild of Tim Berners-Lee, who in 
1989 invented the HTML coding language that is the basis of the Web. The Web became a public 
service in 1993. It is a huge collection of resources of information, including learning materials, 
which is accessed by means of a computer program known as a Browser. The World Wide Web 
is only part of the Internet, but many people treat both terms as synonyms. See Module 1.5, 
Introduction to the Internet, Module 2.3, Exploiting World Wide Web resources online and 
offline, Module 3.3, Creating a World Wide Web site. See alsoWeb 2.0. 
Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C): An international non-profit organisation which acts as a 
resource centre for the World Wide Web, and is active in setting technical standards. The current 
Director of W3C is Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web. The W3C website can be found at 
the URL  See World Wide Web. 
Worm: A computer worm is a self-replicating hostile computer program, similar to a computer 
Virus. A virus attaches itself to and becomes part of another program, but a worm is self-
contained and does not need to be part of another program to propagate itself. Worms can cause 
considerable damage to computers. See Trojan. 
WORM: Acronym for Write Once Read Many. Now a rather dated term, originally applied to a 
type of Optical Disc on which information could be written just once and could not be amended 
or erased. 
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Write Protect: To protect a Storage Device, File or Folder so that its contents cannot normally 
by altered or erased. This may be done physically, e.g. by moving a notch on a floppy disc's 
casing, or - more commonyl these days - through software that designates the device, file or 
folder as read-only. 
WWW: Abbreviation for World Wide Web. 
WYSIWYG: Acronym for What You See Is What You Get, dating back to the pre-Windows and 
pre-Mac period, when what you saw on the screen, e.g. in a Word document, was not necessarily 
what appeared on your Printer - something we now take for granted. 
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