Giáo trình Anh Văn chuyên ngành - Nghề: Kỹ thuật sửa chữa, lắp ráp máy tính

 ‘See the difference-sharp images and a fantastic range of colors’ 
 3. A ‘I love this drive. It’s quite and fast’ 
 B ‘With this, it’s easy to back up your data before it’s too late.’ 
 4. A ‘Power and speed on the inside’ 
 B ‘ Let your computer’s brain do the work ’ 
 5. A ‘a big impact on the production of text and graphics’ 
 B ‘ Your choice: a laser powerhouse ’ 
V. Follow –up: Minis and Micros 
Complete the text below with the words in the box. 
System memory terminals desktop 
CAD applications task 
 The first microcomputers, also known as (1). PCs, were for 
single users only, and this clearly distinguished them from minicomputers. 
Another important difference was that ‘minis’ were much more powerful than 
‘micro’: they could execute more than one (2) . and workstations. 
However, modern microcomputers have operation (4). and network 
facilities that can support many simultaneous users. Today, most personal 
computers have enough (5) to be used for word processing and business 
(6) .. Some PCs can even handle multitasking and (7) .. 
applications. As a result, the division between ‘minis’ and ‘micro’ is now 
disappearing. 
Topic 1.3: Inside the system. 
Integrated circuit(n) Mạch tích hợp, IC 
Execute(v) Xử lý, thực thi 
Control unit (n) Đơn vị điều khiển 
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)(n) Đơn vị logic số học 
Register(n) Thanh ghi 
Keep track of(v) Theo dõi 
Internal memory Bộ nhớ trong 
Expansion slot(n) Khe cắm mở rộng 
Pulse(n) Xung 
Emit(v) Bức xạ 
Platform(n) Một kiểu hệ thống máy tính (nền) 
Sequential(adj) Trình tự 
Location(n) Vị trí 
Capacity(n) Dung tích, dung lượng 
Single in-line memory module Mô đun nhớ 1 hàng chân 
(SIMM)(n) 
Designate (v) Chỉ định 
Cache(n) Bộ nhớ đệm có tốc độ cao 
Firmware(n) Chương trình cơ sở (phần sụn) 
I. Warm-up 
 A. Read the advertisement and translate the technical specifications 
 into your own language 
 B. Try to answer these questions. (If necessary look at the Glossary) 
 1. What is the main function of a microprocessor? 
 2. What unit of frequency is used to measure processor speed? 
 3. What does ‘RAM’ stand for? 
II. Reading: 
 A. Read the text below and then sentences 1 to 8 that follow. Decide if 
 the sentences are the true (T) or false (F), and rewrite the false ones 
 to make them true. 
 What’s inside a microcomputer? 
 The nerve centre of a microcomputer is the central processing unit 
 or CPU. This unit is built into a single microprocessor chip – an 
 integrated circuit – Which executes program instructions and supervise 
 the computer’s overall operation. The unit consists of three main parts: 
 i. The control unit, which examines the instructions in the user’s 
 program, interprets each instruction and causes the circuits and the 
 rest of the components- disk drives, monitor, etc. – to be activated 
 to execute the functions specified; 
ii. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs mathematical 
 calculations (+,-, etc) and logical operations (and, or, etc); 
iii. the registers, which are high-speed units of memory used to store 
 and control information. One of these registers is the program 
 counter (PC) which keeps track of the next instruction to be 
 performed in the main memory. Another is the instruction register 
 (IR) which holds the instruction that is currently being executed. 
One area where microprocessors differ is in the amount of data- the 
number of bits- they can work with at a time. There are 8, 16, 32 and 
64- bit processors are able to address 4 billion times more information 
than a 32 –bit system (see Fig.1) 
 The programs and data which pass through the central processor 
must be loaded into the main memory(also called the internal 
memory) in order to be processed 
 Thus, when the user runs an application, the microprocessor looks 
for it on secondary storage devices (disks) and transfers a copy of the 
application into the RAM area. RAM (random access memory) is 
temporary, i.e. Its information is lost when the computer is turned off. 
However, the ROM section ( read only memory) is permanent and 
contains instructions needed by the processor. 
Most of today’s computers have internal expansion slots that allow 
users to install adapters or expansion boards. Popular adapters include 
high-resolution graphics boards, memory expansion boards and 
internal moderns . 
 The power and performance of a computer is partly determined by 
the speed of its microprocessor. A clock provides pulses at fixed 
intervals to measured in MHz (megahertz) and refers to the frequency 
at which pulses are emitted. 
 For example, a CPU running at 500 MHz (500 million cycles per 
second ) is likely to provide a very fast processing rate and will enable 
the computer to handle the most demanding applications. 
The new generation of Figure1 Other popular 
processors. platforms are: 
Figure 1 shows the Intel’s Pentium 
600 MHz Alpha Apple, IBM, and 
microprocessor from Motorola’s 
Digital, with a 64- bit Power PC 
RISC implementation ( Sun’ Super 
Reduced Instruction SPARC Silicon 
Set Computing) Graphics/Mips 
architecture, providing R10000 and 
 lightning- R5000 
 fastperformance. 
 1. The CPU directs and coordinates the activities taking place within the 
 computer system 
 2. The arithmetic logic unit performs calculations on the data. 
 3. 32 –bit processors can handle more information than 64- bit processors. 
 4. A chip is an electronic device composed of silicon elements containing a 
 set of integrated circuits. 
 5. RAM, ROM , and secondary storage are the components of the main 
 memory. 
 6. Information cannot be processed by the microprocessor if it is not loaded 
 into the main memory. 
 7. ‘Permanent’ storage of information is provided by RAM ( random access 
 memory). 
 8. The speed of the microprocessor is measured in megahertz. One MHz is 
 equivalent to one million cycles per second. 
B. Contextual reference. What do the words in bold and italics print 
 refer to? 
 1. .. Which executes program instructions and supervises 
 2.  the instruction that is currently being executed. 
 3.  the amount of data – the number of bits – they can work with at a 
 time. 
 4.  the microprocessor looks for it on. 
 5. Its information is lost when the computer is turned off. 
 6.  expansion slots that allow users to install adapters or expansion 
 boards. 
III. Language work: relative clauses 
A. Study these sentences: 
 1. The microprocessor is a chip. 
 2. The chip processes the information provided by the software. 
 Both these sentences refer to chip . We can link them by making 
 sentence 2 becomes ‘Which’. 
 Study these other pairs of sentences and note how they are linked 
 3. The teacher has just arrived. 
 4. The teacher is responsible for the computer centre. 
 3+4: The teacher who is responsible for the computer centre has just 
 arrived. 
 B. Now link these sentences. Make the second sentence is each pair a 
 relative clause. 
 1. The microprocessor coordinates the activities. These activities take 
 place in the computer system. 
 2. Last night I met someone. He works for GM as a computer 
 programmer. 
 3. A co-processor is silicon chip. The chip carries out mathematical 
 operation at a very high speed. 
 4. A megahertz is a unit of frequency. The unit is used to measure 
 processor speed. 
 5. A password is a secret word. The word must be entered before access 
 is given to a computer system. 
 6. A gateway is a device. The device is used to interconnect different 
 types of networks. 
 7. Here’s the floppy disk. You lent me the disk. 
 8. A USB port is a gateway. The gateway is used to connect all kind of 
 external devices to your computer. 
 9. Virus is a destructive software. This software cause damage to the 
 data, the information or the hardware of the computer. 
 IV. Reading 
 A. Read the text and complete it with the phrases in the box. 
 a. All the information stored in the RAM is temporary. 
 b. Microcomputers make use of two types of main memory. 
 c. ROM chips have ‘constant’ information 
 d. The size of RAM is very important 
Main memory: RAM and ROM 
 The main memory of a computer is also called the ‘immediate access 
store’, as distinct from any storage memory available on disks. (1).: RAM 
and ROM, both contained in electronic chips connected to the main board of the 
computer. 
 RAM stands for ‘random access memory’ and is the working area of the 
computer, that is, the basic location where the microprocessor stores the 
required information. It is called ‘random access’ because the processor can find 
information in any cell or memory address with equal speed, instead of looking 
for the data in sequential order. 
 (2) ., so it is lost when the machine is turned off. Therefore, if we 
want to use this information later on, we have to save it and store it on a disk. 
When running an application, the microprocessor finds its location in the 
storage device (the floppy or hard disk) and transfers a temporary copy of the 
application to the RAM area. Consequently,(3).. If we want to increase 
the performance of a computer when several applications are open at the same 
time or when a document is very complex. 
 The RAM capacity can sometimes be expanded by adding extra chips. 
These are usually contained in single in-line memory modules or SIMMs, which 
are installed in the motherboard of the computer. 
 We can designate a certain amount of RAM space as a cache in order to 
store information that an application uses repeatedly. A RAM cache may speed 
up our work, but it means that we need enough internal memory or a special 
cache card. 
 ROM is an acronym for ‘read only memory’, which implies that the 
processor can read and use the information stored in the ROM chip, but cannot 
put information into it. (4).including instructions and routines for 
the basic operations of the CPU. These instructions are used to start up the 
computer, to read the information from the keyboard, to send characters to the 
screen, etc. They cannot changed and are not erased when the power is turned 
off. For this reason, the ROM section is also referred to as firmware. 
 B. As we have seen, there are three types of memory used by computers: 
 RAM, ROM and secondary storage. Look through this list of features 
 and decide which type of memory they refer to. 
 1. Any section of the main memory can be read with equal speed and ease. 
 2. It is available in magnetic, optical and video disks. 
 3. A certain amount of this memory can be designated as ‘cache’ memory to 
 store information in applications that are used very frequently. 
 4. It stores basic operating instructions, needed by the CPU to function 
 correctly. 
 5. Memory which can be expanded by adding SIMMs of 8 MB, 16 MB, 32MB, 
 or other major increments. 
 6. Information is permanent and cannot be deleted. 
 7. You can save and store your documents and applications. 
 V. Vocabulary quiz 
 In groups of three, write answers to these questions. The winners are the 
 ground that answers the most questions correctly in four minutes. 
 1. What are the main parts of the CPU? 
 2. What is RAM? 
 3. What memory section is also known as ‘firmware’? 
 4. What information is lost when the computer is switched off? 
 5. What is the typical unit used to measure RAM memory and storage 
 memory? 
 6. What is the meaning of the acronym SIMM? 
 7. What is a megahertz? 
 8. What is the ALU? What does it do? 
 9. What is the abbreviation for ‘binary digit’? 
 10. How can we store data and programs permanently? 
 VI. Your ideal computer system. 
 A. Make notes about the features of the computer that you would like 
 to have 
 CPU:  Speed: .. Optical drives: 
 Minimum/ maximum RAM: ..Monitor: 
 Hard disk:. Software: 
 B. Now describe it to your partner. 
 Useful expressions: 
 It has got. 
 It’s very fast. It runs at 
 The standard RAM memory . 
 And it is expandable. 
 The hard disk can hold . 
 I need a Super VGA monitor because. 
 As for the Internet.. 
Topic 1.4: Bits and bytes 
Vocabulary 
Binary notation(n) Biểu diễn nhị phân 
Representation(n) Diễn đạt, biểu thị 
Figure (n) Số liệu, biểu thị 
Equivalent(adj) Tương đương 
Pixel(n) Điểm ảnh 
Refresh(v) Làm tươi 
Buffer(n) Bộ đệm 
Monochrome(n) Đơn sắc 
Color palette (n) Bảng màu 
Graphics adaptor(n) Bộ thích ứng đồ hoạ 
Primary color(n) Màu chính, màu nguyên thuỷ 
 I. Reading 
 A. With a partner, try to answer these questions. 
 1. How many digits does a binary system use? What is a ‘bit’? 
 2. What is the difference between binary notation and the decimal system? 
 Give some examples. 
 3. What is a collection of eight bits called? 
 4. One kilobyte (1K) equals 1,024 bytes. Can you work out the value of 
 these units? 
 1 megabyte = ..bytes/1,024 kilobytes 
 1 gigabyte = bytes/1,024 megabytes 
 (kilo- : one thousand) 
 (mega- : one million) 
 (giga- : one thousand million) 
 5. What does the acronym ‘ ASCII’ stand for? 
 What is the purpose of this code? 
B. Now read the text to check your answers or to find the correct answer. 
 Units of memory 
 Bits- basic units of memory 
 Information is processed and stored in computers as electrical signals. A 
 computer contains thousands of electronic circuits connected by swiches 
 that can only be in one of two possible states: ON (the current is flowing 
 though the wire) or OFF (the current is not flowing through the wire). To 
 represent these two conditions we use binary notation in which 1 means 
 ON and 0 means OFF. This is the only way a computer can ‘understand’ 
 anything. Everything about computers is based upon this binary process. 
 Each 1 or 0 is called a binary digit or bit. 
 Bytes and characters 
 1s and 0s are grouped into eight- digit codes that typically represent 
 characters (letter, numbers, and symbols). Eight bits together are called a 
 byte. Thus, each character in a keyboard has its own arrangement of eight 
 bits. For example, 01000001 for the letter A, 01000010 for B and 01000011 
 for C. 
 The ASCII code 
 The majority of computers use a standard system of the binary represent 
 characters (letters, numbers, and symbols). This is the American Standard 
 Code for information Interchange, known popularly as ‘ASCII’ (pronounced 
 ‘ask-key’). There are 256 different ways of combining 0 and 1 in a byte. 
 Therefore, they can give us 256 different signals. However, the ASCII code 
 only uses 128 bytes to representations. What makes this system powerful is 
 that these codes are standard. 
 Kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes. 
 In order to avoid astronomical figures and sums in the calculation of bytes, 
 we use units such as kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes. One kilobyte is 1,024