Phân tích nguyên tố vết lắng đọng trong không khí qua rêu barbula indica tại thành phố bảo lộc sử dụng kỹ thuật huỳnh quang tia X phản xạ toàn phần

he standardized sum of the 
squares of the differences between the measured and calculated deconvoluted intensities 
is calculated. The value of the fit quality should preferably be less than 10. High values 
(>10) are an indication of misidentified or unidentified elements, respectively, or 
inaccurate gain correction. The fit quality function is ∑
1
𝛿𝑖
2 (𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖)
2𝑛2
𝑖=𝑛1
 where n1 is 
the first channel of peak i (the left channel), n2 is the last channel of peak i (the right 
channel), yi+1 is the number of counts for channel i+1, yi is the number of counts for 
channel i, and 𝛿𝑖 = √𝑁𝑖 + 2𝑁𝐵𝐺 where δi is the standard deviation for the peak area, Ni is 
the net peak area for element i, and NBG is the background area. 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 
Up to 24 elements, including Al, P, S, Cl, K, Sr, Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, 
Br, Ba, La, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ta, Pb, Th, and U, were detected with the TXRF technique in 
moss samples collected at 11 locations in Baoloc. The trace element concentrations in the 
Nguyen An Son, Doan Phan Thao Tien, Le Hong Khiem, Nguyen Thi Minh Sang, Nguyen Thi Nguyet Ha, Pham Thi Ngoc Ha, 
Pham Dang Quyet, Nguyen Dinh Trung, Ho Huu Thang, and Nguyen Truong Duong Cam 
104 
moss samples are presented in Table 1, for which the errors in the concentrations are less 
than 10%. 
Table 1. The concentration of trace elements in moss samples (in mg.kg-1) 
El 
Site 
BL01 BL02 BL03 BL04 BL05 BL06 BL07 BL08 BL09 BL10 BL11 
Al 2157.00 2154.00 2156.00 2156.00 4820.00 4581.00 4687.00 2320.00 1472.00 1455.00 1455.00 
P 503.00 506.00 505.00 505.00 1048.00 839.00 591.00 803.00 978.00 1014.00 1014.00 
S 689.00 678.00 684.00 684.00 2715.00 2568.00 2678.00 682.00 1154.00 1240.00 1240.00 
Cl 767.00 741.00 754.00 754.00 927.00 857.00 987.00 750.00 897.00 970.00 970.00 
K 2512.00 2478.00 2495.00 2495.00 2926.00 3540.00 3320.00 2489.00 8102.00 8199.00 8199.00 
Sr 6.93 6.21 6.57 5.98 6.33 5.42 5.70 6.25 5.20 11.79 11.79 
Sc 0.12 0.98 0.55 0.75 2.17 2.43 1.95 nd nd nd 0.86 
Ti 143.00 168.00 156.00 156.00 320.00 350.00 340.00 147.00 47.00 46.00 46.00 
M
n 
46.00 42.00 44.00 44.00 70.00 74.00 82.00 39.00 68.00 74.00 74.00 
Fe 924.00 911.00 918.00 918.00 5400.00 5064.00 5321.00 841.00 2540.00 2625.00 2625.00 
Co nd 0.34 nd nd 6.21 5.46 4.72 nd 2.50 2.35 2.35 
Cu 7.18 10.60 8.89 8.42 12.50 15.40 9.24 8.47 15.40 16.63 16.63 
Zn 57.00 52.00 54.00 47.00 214.00 176.00 87.00 51.00 689.00 746.00 746.00 
As 2.46 2.33 2.40 2.40 5.73 5.92 6.45 2.37 0.55 0.52 0.52 
Br 2.73 1.97 2.35 2.35 3.42 4.12 3.72 2.22 2.78 2.47 2.47 
Ba 18.64 12.56 15.60 15.60 26.58 22.78 23.47 14.59 4.58 5.18 5.18 
La 3.58 2.45 3.02 3.02 14.78 17.89 23.96 2.83 1.02 1.36 1.36 
Eu nd nd nd 0.34 5.45 6.54 5.89 nd 0.25 0.20 0.20 
Tb nd nd nd 0.27 4.32 4.87 5.12 nd nd nd 0.47 
Dy 0.18 0.23 0.21 0.21 3.21 4.27 3.87 nd 0.26 0.29 0.29 
Ta nd nd nd 0.78 4.21 4.52 5.15 nd nd 0.45 0.37 
Pb 2.74 3.54 3.14 3.14 6.54 6.87 5.98 3.27 17.63 18.03 18.03 
Th 0.26 0.87 0.57 0.57 2.14 1.87 1.96 0.67 nd nd 0.34 
U 0.77 0.73 0.75 nd 3.21 2.85 2.49 nd 0.45 0.74 0.74 
Note: El - element 
The mean concentrations of the elements in the moss samples from Baoloc 
decreased as: K > Al > Fe > S > Cl > P > Zn > Ti > Mn > Ba > Cu > Pb > Sr > La > As 
> Br > Co > Eu > Ta > Tb > Dy > U > Sc > Th. 
Contamination factor (CF) scales were used to determine the contamination levels 
of each element in the sample (Fernández & Carballeira, 2001). The CF was calculated 
DALAT UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE [NATURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY] 
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as the ratio of the mean value of each heavy metal in a moss sample to the background 
level, as in the equation (Hakanson, 1980): 𝐶𝐹𝑖 =
𝐶𝑖
BGi 
 where Ci is the mean value of the 
ith element from the investigated area, and BGi is the average value of the three sample 
sites which have the lowest concentration of the corresponding metal from the 
investigated area. 
The CF values comprise six levels: CF < 1: no contamination, 1 < CF ≤ 2: 
suspected contamination, 2 < CF ≤ 3.5: slight contamination, 3.5 < CF ≤ 8: moderate 
contamination, 8 < CF ≤ 27: serious contamination, and 27 < CF: extreme contamination 
(Fernández & Carballeira, 2001). Table 2 shows the contamination factors for 24 elements. 
Table 2. The contamination factors of trace elements in the moss samples 
El AL P S Cl K Sr Sc Ti Mn Fe Co Cu 
CF 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.9 3.8 1.4 2.9 1.3 1.5 
Table 2. The contamination factors of trace elements in the moss samples (tt) 
El Zn As Br Ba La Eu Tb Dy Ta Pb Th U 
CF 5.3 5.4 1.3 3.0 5.5 7.9 0.8 5.9 2.6 2.7 2.2 1.8 
A comparison of this result with those obtained in previous studies of Barbula 
indica moss in Vietnam and moss in European countries (Barandovski, Stafilov, Sajn, 
Frontasyeva, & Baceva, 2012) was carried out. The results of the comparison are listed 
in Table 3. 
Table 3. Comparison of the mean trace element concentrations from atmospheric 
deposition on Barbula indica moss at Baoloc with some previous work (in mg.kg−1) 
Element 
Baoloc 
city our 
work 
Doan Phan et al., 2019 
Khiem et al., 
2020 Barandovski 
et al., 2012 
Hue city Hoian city Hochiminh city Hanoi capital 
Na 620.00 1310.00 930.00 
Mg 1550.00 1620.00 1290.00 3866.66 1900.00 
Al 2674.00 5800.00 3200.00 4800.00 10591.19 1900.00 
Si 
39595.76 
P 755.00 
1100.14 1100.00 
S 1365.00 
3238.92 
Cl 852.00 1700.00 2100.00 780.00 1711.59 
K 4250.00 16000.00 17000.00 12000.00 14401.56 4600.00 
Sr 7.11 
Nguyen An Son, Doan Phan Thao Tien, Le Hong Khiem, Nguyen Thi Minh Sang, Nguyen Thi Nguyet Ha, Pham Thi Ngoc Ha, 
Pham Dang Quyet, Nguyen Dinh Trung, Ho Huu Thang, and Nguyen Truong Duong Cam 
106 
Table 3. Comparison of the mean trace element concentrations from atmospheric 
deposition on Barbula indica moss at Baoloc with some previous work (in mg.kg−1) 
(tt) 
Element 
Baoloc 
city our 
work 
Doan Phan et al., 2019 
Khiem et al., 
2020 Barandovski 
et al., 2012 
Hue city Hoian city Hochiminh city Hanoi capital 
Sc 0.89 1.09 0.80 1.81 
Ti 174.00 271.00 205.00 524.00 691.60 
V 12.20 5.11 8.08 3.50 
Cr 11.00 6.80 19.90 26.73 3.50 
Mn 60.00 74.00 88.00 77.00 170.95 130.00 
Fe 2553.00 3720.00 4810.00 5430.00 6025.18 1500.00 
Co 2.18 1.40 1.01 3.28 
Ni 4.20 2.70 9.50 4.42 3.50 
Cu 11.76 
27.20 3.50 
Zn 265.00 126.00 254.00 178.00 397.53 20.00 
As 2.88 2.30 3.00 4.10 16.11 
Se 1.40 0.70 0.39 
Br 2.78 10.40 7.70 12.80 36.11 
Kr 
Rb 
151.17 
Sb 1.40 0.89 1.00 
Cs 1.58 1.18 5.30 
Ba 14.98 58.00 83.00 101.00 1545.55 34.00 
La 6.84 3.10 2.24 5.60 
Ce 6.20 4.20 11.70 
Sm 0.51 0.35 1.15 
Eu 1.72 
Tb 1.37 
Dy 1.18 
Ta 1.41 0.09 0.07 0.15 
Pb 8.08 
231.55 4.60 
Th 0.84 1.78 0.86 1.49 
U 1.16 0.62 0.23 1.10 
For Hue, Hoian, and Hochiminh City, the element concentrations are near the 
values found in our work and some are slightly higher. For Hanoi, all element 
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concentrations are higher than in Baoloc. The concentrations of Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, 
Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Ba, and Pb in Hanoi are higher than in Baoloc: 4.0, 1.5, 2.4, 2.0, 3.4, 
4.0, 2.8, 2.4, 2.3, 1.5, 5.6, 13.0, 103, and 28.7, respectively, especially for barium and lead. 
According to Pacyna and Pacyna (2002) and Cucu-Man, Mocanu, Culicov, 
Steinnes, and Frontasyeva (2004), the main pollution sources in our study area can be 
explained as follows: 
• Sample sites: BL01, BL02, BL03, and BL04 are major roads where traffic 
activity is high. In particular, BL01 and BL02 are at the entrance of Baoloc 
pass; BL03 and BL04 are in the city center of Baoloc; BL10 and BL11 are in 
the area between Baoloc and Dilinh district (along 20th road); BL08, and 
BL09 are the places where silk is produced. Notably, the pollution in these 
places is affected by windblown dust and traffic emissions, especially 
gasoline-burning vehicles, cars, and motorbikes. 
• Three special sample sites: B05, B06, and B07 are near the Tan Rai alumina 
refinery. All concentrations of trace elements, especially aluminum, are 
higher there than at other moss sample sites in this work. That suggests the 
pollution at these sites was effected by aluminum ore processing. 
4. CONCLUSIONS 
In this investigation, we applied the TXRF technique to determine trace element 
concentrations from atmospheric deposits on Barbula indica moss samples and to 
estimate the metal pollution in Baoloc. The TXRF technique is useful and suitable. The 
result is expressed through the number of analytical elements. A total of 24 elements were 
detected, including Al, P, S, Cl, K, Sr, Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Ba, La, Eu, 
Tb, Dy, Ta, Pb, Th, and U. We compared our data with some previous research on trace 
element atmospheric deposition on Barbula indica moss in Vietnam, and the results show 
that the element concentrations at Baoloc are lower than other locales, although a little 
higher than the concentrations found by Barandovski et al. (2012). Most of the elements 
from atmospheric deposits in Baoloc are at the “suspected” to “slight” contamination 
level. The air pollution sources of these elements are possibly due to traffic and aluminum 
ore processing. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
This work is supported by the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam 
under the project code: B2019-DLA-04. 
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