Implementation of black hole attack on AODV routing protocols in manet using NS2

 destination’s 
packet drop ratio is also presented in comparison sequence number is the highest, but if there are 
with our results in AODV protocol. several RREP in which destination’s sequence 
 numbers of are equal, that of which the smallest 
II. Protocols Description counter will be selected.
 In this section, we briefly describe the AODV 
protocols, black hole attack, and implementing 
solution for the black hole attack in AODV protocol, 
which are used in our analysis.
A. AODV Routing Protocol 
 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) 
is an on demand routing protocol which is used to 
discovery and store route between the source and 
destination node and consist of two stages:
Route discovery stage:
 At the source node S (as shown in Figure 1), 
when it needs a route to send data to destination Figure 2: Sending of RRER message
D, first it finds this in the routing table, if there is 
a good enough, it will use this route, otherwise, it Route Maintenance Stage: 
will broadcast of RREQ to its neighbors (A and B) In this stage, all nodes in network will 
specified for certain destination D. An intermediate broadcast a HELLO message periodically to 
node receives RREQ message, it will check its inform its working state and receive it from all 
routing table for route to destination. If it found, active neighbors. If node does not receive HELLO 
it will send RREP message through the reverse message from a neighbor, then it will notify the 
route path, which is established by RREQ, towards source with an RERR packet and entire routes based 
the source and it ignores this RREQ message if it on the node is invalidated. Sources can recovery a 
is processed already. Otherwise, the intermediate new route by performing route discovery stage or 
node will update its routing table for a fresh route drop node in its routing table.
toward source node and send RREQ message to Messages in AODV: 
these neighbors, this process is repeated until the There are four control messages which are 
RREQ message is received by the destination node used by AODV described as below:
D [5]. Routing Request (RREQ): This message is used 
 whenever the source node need discovery the better 
 route to the destination for data transmission.
 Figure 3: Format of RREQ message
 Routing Reply (RREP): used by node, if it is the 
 destination, or has a fresh route enough to the 
 destination, at that time it will unicast route reply 
 message (RREP) back to the source, which has 
 Figure 1: Broadcasting of RREQ message following format. 
46 Khoa học & Công nghệ - Số 25/Tháng 3 - 2020 Journal of Science and Technology
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 Figure 4: Format of RREP message
Route Error Message (RERR): All nodes monitor 
their own neighborhood and broadcast this message 
whenever it detects a broken link with adjacent 
neighbor due to out of network or mobility. RERR 
has format as shown in Figure 3. 
 Figure 5: Format of RERR message Figure 6: A single black hole attack in MANET
HELLO Messages: All nodes keep on the 
connectivity between their own neighborhoods by C. Implementing code for Black Hole Attack in 
broadcasting HELLO messages, which indicate the AODV Protocol 
working of node in network. To implement code for black hole attack in AODV 
 routing protocol, we use NS2 (Network Simulator) 
B. Black Hole Attack version 2.35 with steps bellow:
 A black hole attack in which a black hole node Step 1: Create “blackholeAODV” base on AODV 
will refuse to forward data packets to the following routing protocol in “ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35” 
node in the route connected between source and directory as shown in Figure 7, we change all file 
destination. In order to process its attacks, the black in “aodv” directory by “blackholeaodv” such as 
hole node fakes that it has fresh enough routes for “aodv.cc” by “blackholeaodv.cc”, “aodv.h” by 
data transmission to all destinations requested by all “blackholeaodv”, etc.
the source nodes and absorbs the network traffic. 
In Figure 6, by using the routing AODV protocol, 
when the source node S broadcasts the RREQ 
message for finding any paths to the destination D, 
the black hole node immediately responds with an 
RREP message that it includes path with the highest 
sequence number. This message is seen as if it is 
sending from the destination or a node which has 
a fresh enough route to the destination. After black 
hole node assumes that the destination is behind it 
by sending RREP with a single path, it discards the 
other RREP packets coming from other nodes. Figure 7: Creating the “blackholeAODV” base on 
 When the source received the RREP, which is AODV routing protocol.
transmitted by black hole node, it starts to send out 
its data packets to the black hole with trusting that Step 2: Change in the “\makefile”, which is in ns-
these packets can reach the destination D but black 2.35 with the lines as shown in Figure 8.
hole node will discard all data packet here. In Figure 
6, node B is a black hole node and as a result, all the 
data packets through node B are simply consumed 
or lost and this process make the performance will 
be decreased or lack of energy. Node B could be 
said that it is a form of destruction in the network, Figure 8. Adding in the “\makefile” at the 
and we call it as the black hole attack node [6, 7]. “ns2.35” directory.
Khoa học & Công nghệ - Số 25/Tháng 3 - 2020 Journal of Science and Technology 47
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Step 3: Initialize in the “ns-agent.tcl” and “ns-
mobilenode.tcl” file, which is in ns-2.35/tcl/lib with 
the lines as shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10.
 Figure 9. Adding in the agent for 
 “blackholeAODV” agent
 Figure 10. Adding “blackholeAODV” for 
 processing at nodes
 Figure 12. Adding RREP replying and install black 
 hole attack mechanism in “blackholeAODV” 
Step 4: Add “blackholeAODV” routing agent 
 protocol.
in “tcl\lib\ns-lib.tcl” file with some lines where 
protocol agents are coded that is presented in Figure 
 D. Simulation Parameters
11.
 To evaluate the performance of routing 
Step 5: In “blackholeAODV.cc” file, we added protocols affect of multiply black hole attacks, we 
“recvReply()” function with the lines to receive all use the network simulator ns-2 (v.2.35) [8, 9] to 
the first RREQ message to set a black hole attack simulate the network coverage is about 1000 square 
that is in Figure 12. meters with the parameters in the scenarios that are 
Step 6: Run the command to compile in the terminal described in Table I, [10].
window of linux. Table I: The Arrangement of Channels
 make clean Parameters Values
 make Topology area 1000 m × 1000 m
Step 7: The end. Numbers of nodes 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
 Antenna type Omni Antenna
 Routing protocol AODV, blackholeAODV
 Packet size 512 bytes
 Simulation time 500 seconds
 Transmission range (m) 250
 Traffic type CBR, TCP
 Data rate 10 (kbps)
 Initial energy 5 (Joules)
 Idle power 712e-6 (Watt)
 Receiving power 0.3 (Watt)
 Transmission power 0.6 (Watt)
 Sleep power 144e-9 (Watt)
 E. Performance Metrics
Figure 11. Adding “blackholeAODV” protocol 1) Throughput:
 agen in the “tcl\lib\ns-tcl.tcl” file. Throughput express the total count of data 
48 Khoa học & Công nghệ - Số 25/Tháng 3 - 2020 Journal of Science and Technology
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packets transported to destination nodes of one flow in two scenarios with multiply black hole attack 
(connection) in network during the simulation time nodes. We can see that if there are many black hole 
[8, 9]. attack nodes in network, the average throughput 
 The average throughput of the entire will decrease quickly.
network expresses the average throughput of 
each connection. The average throughput of each 
connection is calculated by the total size of received 
packets at destination node per the time, which 
takes for traffic to flow through the connection.
 m
 / Psi *8
 i = 1
Throughput_of_ flowj = ()bps (3)
 tt21-
 k
Throughput_of_ network = / (Throughput_of_ flow) j
 j1=
 (4)
 th
where Psi is the size of length of the i packet 
reaching the destination, t and t are the time 
 1 2 Figure. 13. The average throughput
when first packet sent by source node and the time 
when last packets received by destination node, 
respectively.
2) Energy Efficiency:
Energy efficiency is defined as the throughput 
achieved per unit of energy consumed, where the 
throughput represents the number of successfully 
delivered packets.
 Throughput()packets
 _ =
Energy efficiency Energy_(consumptionJoules)
 (5)
3) Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR):
 PDR represents the ratio of data packets Figure. 14. The average throughput
successfully received from all the sent data packets, 
which is computed as below:
 Nr
 PDR = Ns (6)
Where Nr and Ns are the number of data packets 
received by destination node and the number of data 
packet sent by source node, respectively.
4) Packet Loss Ratio (PLR):
 This measure represents the ratio of number 
packets dropped by nodes due to various reasons, 
the lower value of the packet lost means that 
the better performance of the protocol. PLR is Figure. 15. Energy efficiency
computed as below:
 -
 = Ns Nr As illustrated in Figure 15 and 16, the energy 
 PLR Ns (6)
 efficiency of AODV protocol is analyzed intwo
III. Results and Analysis scenarios with increased number of nodes. We 
 As illustrated in Figure 13 and 14, the average can see that the energy efficiency of network with 
throughput of AODV routing protocols is analyzed impact of black hole attack nodes in dropping the 
Khoa học & Công nghệ - Số 25/Tháng 3 - 2020 Journal of Science and Technology 49
ISSN 2354-0575
packets to reduce the received packets is obvious. The percentage of packet loss in different two 
In addition, in network with the more black hole scenarios are illustrated in Figures 19 and 20 in 
attack nodes, the worse energy efficiency achieve. which in network with black hole attack nodes have 
 In Figure 17 and 18, we illustrate the packet packet loss ratio more than original AODV protocol 
delivery ratio for AODV routing protocols in the and the more black hole attack nodes, the more 
number of black hole attack nodes. Based on results packet loss ratio in the same protocol.
shown in Figure 17 and 18, we can obviously 
observe that if there is not black hole attack in the 
network, the packet delivery ratio is higher than 
about 40% compared to the same protocols.
 Figure. 19. Energy consumption in several states 
 with IEEE 802.11 MAC
 Figure. 16. Energy efficiency
 Figure. 20. Energy consumption in several states 
 Figure. 17. Packet delivery ratio with S-MAC
 IV. Conclusion
 In this paper, we analyzed the energy 
 consumption of nodes in MANET with implementing 
 black hole attack with AODV routing protocols. 
 Our goal is to implement and evaluate impact of 
 black hole attack to performance in AODV routing 
 protocol, which helps the development of security 
 schemes in MANET. Our simulation results show 
 that the more black hole attack nodes in network, 
 the lower performance in case of large network (50 
 Figure. 18. Packet delivery ratio nodes deployed in 1000 m × 1000 m area).
50 Khoa học & Công nghệ - Số 25/Tháng 3 - 2020 Journal of Science and Technology
 ISSN 2354-0575
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 TRIỂN KHAI TẤN CÔNG HỐ ĐEN TRÊN GIAO THỨC ĐỊNH TUYẾN AODV
 TRONG MẠNG MANET SỬ DỤNG NS2
Tóm tắt:
 Một trong những thách thức lớn của mạng di động tùy biến (MANETs) là làm sao triển khai hệ thống 
an ninh tránh các loại tấn công khác nhau như tấn công từ chối dịch vụ, tấn công lỗ sâu, phát lại, tấn công 
lỗ xám, lỗ đen, v.v ... Mạng MANET sử dụng giao thức định tuyến để truyền thông gói dữ liệu từ nút nguồn 
đến nút đích và mỗi nút đóng vai trò như là máy chủ hoặc bộ định tuyến, chúng có thể chọn các tuyến đường 
phù hợp để truyền gói tin đến đích. AODV là một trong các giao thức định tuyến được sử dụng phổ biến 
nhất trong các mạng di động tùy biến, nhưng nó cũng tiềm ẩn nhiều cuộc tấn công mạng. Mục tiêu của cuộc 
tấn công mạng thường làm gián đoạn hoạt động của mạng hoặc ảnh hưởng đến hiệu suất mạng. Trong bài 
báo này, chúng tôi thực hiện triển khai và phân tích hiệu suất của nhiều nút tấn công lỗ đen đồng thời trong 
giao thức định tuyến AODV. Các tham số như thông lượng, hiệu quả sử dụng năng lượng và hiệu suất phân 
phối gói dữ liệu được phân tích và so sánh. Kết quả mô phỏng của chúng tôi cho thấy trong mạng có càng 
nhiều nút tấn công đồng thời, hiệu suất mạng và hiệu quả năng lượng càng thấp.
Từ khóa: Security threats, Routing Protocols, AODV, MANET, Black hole attack, Network Simulator.
Khoa học & Công nghệ - Số 25/Tháng 3 - 2020 Journal of Science and Technology 51