Tài liệu Các nhận xét kết luận về Việt Nam của ủy ban xóa bỏ phân biệt đối xử chống lại phụ nữ

 measures, in-
cluding the Ordinance on the Prevention and Suppression of
Prostitution, bilateral and multilateral agreements and the Ac-
tion Plan for the Prevention and Suppression of Trafficking in
Women and Girls, but is concerned about the persistence of
trafficking in women and girls and the exploitation of prostitu-
tion, both within the country and to other countries. The Com-
mittee is also concerned about the low rates of prosecution
and conviction of traffickers and of others who exploit the pros-
titution of women. The Committee also notes with concern re-
ports that trafficked women and girls face problems in enjoying
their citizenship rights when returning to Viet Nam, as well as
in conveying citizenship to their children born abroad. It is also
concerned about reports that rehabilitation measures, such as
administrative camps, may stigmatize girls and young women
victims of prostitution and deny them due process rights. In
addition, the Committee is concerned about the lack of sys-
tematic data collection on the phenomenon of trafficking and
exploitation of prostitution.
19. The Committee urges the State party to consider rati-
fying the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking
in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementary
to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Or-
ganized Crime, and to intensify its efforts to combat all forms
of trafficking in women and girls, including by enacting specific
and comprehensive legislation on the phenomenon. The Com-
mittee further calls upon the State party to increase its efforts
at international, regional and bilateral cooperation to address
more effectively the causes of trafficking, and to improve its
efforts to prevent trafficking through information exchange. The
Committee urges the State party to collect and analyse data
Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
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Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
from the police and international sources, prosecute and pun-
ish traffickers and ensure the protection of the human rights of
trafficked women and girls. It urges the State party to pursue
a holistic approach aimed at addressing the root causes of traf-
ficking and improving prevention. Such efforts should include
measures to improve the economic situation of women and
girls and to provide them with educational and economic op-
portunities, thereby reducing and eliminating their vulnerability
to exploitation and traffickers. It should also facilitate the rein-
tegration into society of women and girls who are victims of
exploitation and trafficking, including children born to Viet-
namese women abroad, by ensuring that they are neither crim-
inalized nor penalized and fully enjoy their human rights. It
should also enhance rehabilitation, social integration and eco-
nomic empowerment programmes.
20. While noting progress towards reaching high levels of
literacy in the country, the Committee notes with concern that
a high proportion of girls still drop out of school and that girls
in rural and remote areas do not have full access to education. 
21. The Committee urges the State party to take all ap-
propriate measures to eliminate the disparity in school enrol-
ment rates and to achieve universal primary education for girls
in accordance with article 10 of the Convention, the strategic
objectives and actions of the Beijing Declaration and Platform
for Action and Millennium Development Goals 2 and 3. It urges
the State party to address effectively the obstacles that prevent
girls from continuing their education, such as family responsi-
bilities and the cost of education. It also recommends that
teacher training programmes at all levels integrate the princi-
ples of gender equality and non-discrimination on the grounds
of sex. The Committee also calls on the State party to support
education programmes on the culture of ethnic minority
groups.
22. The Committee expresses concern that insufficient in-
formation was provided about women’s de facto situation in the
formal and informal labour markets. It is also concerned at the
concentration of women in the informal economy, which nega-
tively affects their eligibility for social security and other benefits,
including health care. The Committee continues to be con-
cerned about the occupational segregation between women
and men in the labour market and the persistent high gap in
wages between women and men.
23. The Committee urges the State party to adopt effective
measures in the formal labour market to eliminate occupational
segregation, both horizontal and vertical, and to narrow and
close the wage gap between women and men. It also encour-
ages the State party to ensure the enforcement of regulations
of the Labour Code for the benefit of women working in export
processing zones, with a particular focus on women’s access
to social security and health-care services. Efforts to develop
guidelines and regulations to provide women in the informal
economy with access to such benefits and services should
also be enhanced. The Committee requests the State party to
assess the impact of economic restructuring processes on
Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
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Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
women, including women belonging to ethnic minorities and
living in rural and remote areas. It requests the State party to
ensure that all poverty reduction programmes and strategies
are gendersensitive and also to provide targeted support to
disadvantaged groups of women. The Committee invites the
State party to monitor the impact of measures taken and
trends over time and to report to the Committee on results
achieved in its next report.
24. The Committee expresses its concern about women’s
limited access to sexual and reproductive health-care services,
and about the very high rate of abortions, in particular among
adolescent and young women. The Committee is also con-
cerned about the increase in HIV/AIDS infections among
women.
25. The Committee urges the State party to take concrete
measures to enhance women’s access to health care, in par-
ticular to sexual and reproductive health services, in accor-
dance with article 12 of the Convention and the Committee’s
general recommendation 24 on women and health. It requests
the State party to strengthen measures aimed at the preven-
tion of unwanted pregnancies, including through improved
availability, acceptability and use of modern means of birth
control, in order to eliminate the use of abortion as a method
of family planning. The Committee recommends that the State
party give priority attention to the sexual and reproductive
health needs of adolescent and young women and men and
that it provide age-appropriate sex education, including in
school curricula, with special attention to the prevention of
early pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases and
HIV/AIDS. The Committee also calls on the State party to en-
sure the effective implementation of its national strategy on the
prevention and control of HIV/AIDS, including improved ac-
cess to antiretroviral drugs, protection and care for babies born
with HIV and training for medical personnel.
26. The Committee is concerned about the differential
minimum legal age for marriage for women and men as well as
about reports on underage marriages of girls, which limit their
development and opportunities to fully develop their skills and
capacities, especially in some ethnic minority areas.
27. The Committee urges the State party to set the same
minimum age of marriage for women and men at 18 years, in
line with article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
and article 16 of the Convention and the Committee’s general
recommendation 21 on equality in marriage and family rela-
tions. It also calls on the State party to take measures to pre-
vent and stop underage marriages.
28. The Committee expresses its concern about the situ-
ation of women in rural and remote areas, as well as the situ-
ation of ethnic minority women, who lack sufficient access to
adequate health services, education opportunities, employ-
ment and credit facilities.
29. The Committee calls upon the State party to pay spe-
cial attention to the needs of women living in rural and remote
Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
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Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
areas and women belonging to ethnic minorities by ensuring
that they have equal access to health care, education, social
security, income-generation opportunities and participation in
decision-making processes at all levels. It also encourages the
State party to use innovative methods to improve information
on and awareness of the provisions of the Convention and of
relevant laws, including the Law on Gender Equality, among
women and girls in rural and remote areas and women belong-
ing to ethnic minorities. The Committee requests the State
party to ensure that the draft law on ethnic minorities integrates
the objectives of the Law on Gender Equality and that the draft
law on ethnic minorities be passed as soon as possible. The
Committee requests that comprehensive information be in-
cluded in the next periodic report, including sex-disaggregated
data and trends over time, on the de facto holistic position of
rural and ethnic minority women and on the impact of meas-
ures taken and results achieved in the implementation of poli-
cies and programmes for these groups of women and girls. 
30. The Committee encourages the State party to ratify the
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women and to accept, as soon
as possible, the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the
Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.
31. The Committee urges the State party to utilize fully, in
its implementation of its obligations under the Convention, the
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the
provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to
include information thereon in its next periodic report.
32. The Committee also emphasizes that a full and effective
implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving
the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of
a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of
the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the
Millennium Development Goals and requests the State party to
include information thereon in its next periodic report.
33. The Committee notes that the adherence of States to
the seven major international human rights instruments1 en-
hances the enjoyment by women of their human rights and
fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. Therefore, the
Committee encourages the Government of Viet Nam to con-
sider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely,
the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the International
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Work-
ers and Members of Their Families.
34. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in
Vietnam of the present concluding comments in order to make
the people, including government officials, politicians, parlia-
mentarians and women’s and human rights organizations,
aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure de jure and
de facto equality of women, as well as the further steps that are
required in that regard. The Committee requests the State
Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
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Concluding Comments on Viet Nam of the Committee
on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to
women’s and human rights organizations, the Convention, its
Optional Protocol, the Committee’s general recommendations,
the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the out-
come of the twenty-third special session of the General As-
sembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development
and peace for the twenty-first century”.
35. The Committee requests the State party to respond to
the concerns expressed in the present concluding comments in
its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The
Committee invites the State party to submit its seventh periodic
report, which is due in March 2007, and its eighth periodic re-
port, due in March 2011, in a combined report in March 2011.
1 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Interna-
tional Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimina-
tion, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, In-
human or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the
Rights of the Child and the International Convention on the Protection
of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.
Canadian International Agence canadienne de
Development Agency deáveloppement international
National Committee for the 
Advancement of Vietnamese Women
Vu Ngoc Binh
Dan Tshin
Viet Nam Press and Communication 
Development Joint Stock Company (PJC)
UNIFEM is the women's fund at the United Nations. It provides fi-
nancial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and
strategies to foster women's empowerment and gender equality.
Placing the advancement of women's human rights at the centre
of all of its efforts, UNIFEM focuses its activities on four strategic
areas:
 Reducing feminised poverty;
 Ending violence against women; 
 Reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS among women and girls;
 Achieving gender equality in democratic governance in times
of peace as well as war.
The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do
not necessarily represent the views of UNIFEM, the United Nations or
any of its affiliated organisations.
View the publication at: 
© UNIFEM 2009
Translated into Vietnamese:
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